AVIATION LEGISLATION (ICAO and PCAA REGULATION)

follow the link :-------------https://youtu.be/8Q2oQb9VBdg

AIRBUS A330 COCKPIT LEVEL 1

AIRBUS A330 COCKPIT PANELS

ATA 31

COCKPIT PANELS PRESENTATION

GENERAL
The cockpit comprises various panels: the overhead panel, the glareshield, the main instrument panel and the pedestal.

The aircraft is flown by using two side sticks located on the side consoles.

OVERHEAD PANEL
Most of the aircraft system controls are located on the overhead panel, which also includes a maintenance panel for on-ground maintenance operations on some systems. The circuit breakers are no longer located in the cockpit, however some computers can be reset from two panels.

GLARESHIELD
The glareshield includes the attention getters and the Flight Control Unit (FCU) made of an Auto Flight System (AFS) control panel and two Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS) control panels


MAIN INSTRUMENT PANEL
The main instrument panel includes six identical and interchangeable Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) units which are composed of

Two Primary Flight Displays
Two Navigation Displays
Engine/Warning Display

System Display (SD).


PEDESTAL
The pedestal includes some system control panels, and also three identical Multipurpose Control and Display Units (MCDUs) which supply an interface with some aircraft systems including the Central Maintenance System (CMS).

Usually, the two forward MCDUs are for the pilots and the rear one for maintenance use


LIGHTS OUT PHILOSOPHY
In normal operation, no annunciator lights are illuminated in the cockpit. This is called "lights out philosophy".

FINAL YEAR PROJECT

  EDUCATIONAL RADAR

Project Objective:

The objective of this project is to successfully track the aerial violations. A cost effective and a real lifetime application has been adopted and implemented for the industries. The system can be used for education purposes. The goal that we intend to achieve all the way through this project is continuous aerial monitoring through the scanning phase.   

Motivation:

For the last few decades, technology is growing rapidly which has made life more efficient and comfortable. We have selected this project as it involves a real time scenario and with the help of this project we can explore newer domains such as the modern technologies used in radar and there mechanism which is majorly used in the universities lab to teach the students. We also wanted to select a project that not only is market compatible as well as market adaptable and it should also introduce us to the practical scenarios and real life applications. The motivation towards the project is that completion of the project will be our first step towards our career domains in the field of electronics and avionics  

Aim & Objectives

Aim:

To design and implement the Radar model for educational purpose.

Objectives:

·        To detect presence of the stationary object.

·        Determine the range and direction of the stationary objects.

·        To design a user friendly GUI( Graphics User Interface)

Methodology:

The design and implementation of the project can be divided into following major phases:

·        Analysis of components, selection and designing.

·        Assembling of different components and testing.

·        Simulation testing and Verification at the hardware level.

·        Development for future application.

Analysis of components, selection and designing:

The first part to achieve our objectives is to analyze the required components and selection of the best available components furthermore the hardware selection is also one of the major part. When the components were finalized, we worked on different modules which include;

·        Mechanical Structure

·        GUI for display

·         Interfacing sensor with the module

Assembling of different components and testing:

Once all components were selected and all major modules were designed, the major part of assembly and hardware testing of the different modules was done. In order to test the circuit, it was first simulated on Proteus and verified in order to minimize the hardware and circuit failure risks. The sensor was tested and comparison with the actual results was done.

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Simulation testing and Verification at the Hardware Level:

Test results were simulated to achieve the desired objectives and then were verified to get the desired outcome. Also the hardware is tested and its functioning according to the objectives mentioned at the start of the project.

Market adaptability

The system which we have adopted is real life application, which is specially designed for utilized in educational and military applications. The system is capable of scanning the aerial objects  and also shows the object presence, range and direction of particular object calculated by the hardware on PC. Moreover electronic circuitry such as microcontroller, encoder motor, sensor and some other power modules are attached with the system which is being widely used in almost every application related with the field of avionics, electronics and many military applications. The system is cost effective and will be portable and occupies less area to be installed that makes user enable to use it even inside the labs of institution or workshops. It will design under the consideration of all safety and the environmental standards.

DESIGN MATRIX

S.No	Objective	Module used to achieve that object	Components used in module	Alternatives of the components available	Justification of the selected component	Functionality of the module	Inputs & outputs of the module
1	Generation of sound waves	LV-MaxSonar-EZ4	LV-MaxSonar-EZ4	LV-MaxSonar-EZ1, LV-MaxSonar-EZ2	Easily available  and provide quality beam characteristics.	Generate high frequency sound wave, transmit sound waves and also receive echo signal from  the object	It operates at 5v DC, it provides us the sound waves
2	Processing	Manipulation of signal, provide serial interface to PC	PIC16F877A	ATmega8 ATmega16	PIC16F877A have enough memory and processing speed	It can be reprogrammed as they use flash memory. USART provides you liberty to interface with PC	It operates at 5v dc. Its input is received echo signal .On the basis on input its calculate the time and  provide us range
3	Wave propagation	Propagation of wave and  Detecting echo signal	antenna	Dish antenna, parabolic antenna	Specific direction  i.e. +45 &-45 degree	Transmit and received signal	It input is pulse repetition frequency(PRF) And it detects minimum echo signal
4	User interface	GUI	LAB-VIEW	MATLAB	Manipulation of signal is easy as compared to MATLAB. Lab-view is easy in motion controlling.	Display the object on the screen in the form of blimp	Display the presence and range of target

SIMULATION

 

PCB DESIGN

 

 

           ANIMATION

                                                                       

        Figure 3-10: Antenna Transmit the Electromagnetic Waves

In the First Snapshot, Antenna is Transmitting Electromagnetic Waves that is why the presence of object cannot appear in the screen.

                             

Figure 3-11: Electromagnetic Waves Reflect after hitting the Object

In the Second Snapshot, Electromagnetic Waves Reflect back after hitting the object and cannot reach the Antenna that is why object cannot appear in the screen.

              

                        Figure 3-12: Display the Presence of Object

 In the Third Snapshot, the Reflected Electromagnetic Waves reach the Antenna that is why object could appear in the screen

 

 

CONCLUSION

Initially, it was considered as a very difficult task to measure different parameters of the Radar system and then displaying them on the PC as well as making GUI on LabView, but Alhamdulillah with the hard work and good support from the SDP committee members, we have successfully achieved our aim and all the objectives regarding this project.

Following are the expected results and the results obtained by us.

Expected Result

Following are expected results from a successfully running project:

• Parameters must be read correctly from the sensor that is placed.
• Micro-Controller must get the readings from sensor timely and make the decisions according to the programmed values.
• EZ4 Sensor module must be interfaced with Micro-Controller to calculate range and Bearing of the object.

  Obtained Result

Following results are obtained and the project is running successfully. Alhamdulillah with the fulfillment of all the objectives. Following results are obtained successfully:

• Parameters are read correctly from the sensor that is placed.
• Microcontroller is getting the readings from sensor timely and making the decisions according to the programmed values.
• EZ4 Sensor module is interfaced with Micro-Controller to calculate range and Bearing of the object.

      

• Real time readings of the parameters are displayed on GUI.

FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS

After successfully implementing our idea of the system for detection and range of the aerial object, one may go for further betterment of the design and applications.

The system can be implemented for different applications like;

•           Aerial target tracking and gun control

•           It can be interfaced with a missile system as a future enhancement.

REFERENCES

 

Books:

·           By Single Author

[1] Guerlac, H. E.:"OSRD Long History," vol.  V, Division 14, “Radar,” available from Office of

Technical Services, U.S.  Department of Commerce.

 [4] England, C. R., A.  B. Crawford, and W. W. Mumford: Some results of  a Study of  Ultra-short-wave

Transmission Phenomena, Proc. IRE, vol. 21, pp. 475-492, March 1933.

[5] Skolnik, Introduction to Radar Systems, third edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2001,  

Web Links:

[6] RT.EU, “Distance-determination”, Date Of Acess: 21^stSeptember, 2011

http://www.radartutorials.eu/01/basics/rb07en.html

[7] RT.EU, “Radar Indicators”, Date Of Acess: 24thseptember, 2011

http://www.radartutorial.eu/12.scopes/sc01.en.html